![]() ( 2013) indicated that ill-fitting footwear can be detrimental to foot health, especially in the forefoot area. ![]() ( 2009) emphasised that the footbed shape should be optimised, especially the heel wedge angle. To minimise foot deformation and discomfort, Witana et al. Au and Goonetilleke ( 2007) noted that shoe-fitting preferences were related to the toe, metatarsophalangeal, and arch regions. Results from earlier qualitative studies have reported a decrease in comfort with increased heel height (Lee & Hong, 2005 Melvin et al., 2019). Quantifying the foot shape can be used to inform footwear design by integrating shoe fitting (McRitchie et al., 2018), foot shape (Stanković et al., 2020) or comfort (Matthias et al., 2021) factors.Īdditionally, subjective wearing comfort was another important factor in the design and selection of women's footwear. ( 2017) detected forefoot shape changes in raised fourth and fifth metatarsophalangeal joints caused by heel height elevation. Lee and Hong ( 2005) determined that heel elevation increases medial forefoot pressure and perceived discomfort based on experimental heel heights of 10 (flat), 51 (low), and 76 mm (high). Kouchi and Tsutsumi ( 2000) quantitatively clarified the changes in foot shape caused by heel heights of 0, 40, and 80 mm. Knowledge of foot shape can benefit footwear design (Kim & Do, 2019), thereby mitigating the discomfort and risk of injury due to ill-fitting shoes (Branthwaite & Chockalingam, 2019). It is widely believed that heel elevation causes changes in foot shape that has a relationship with foot function (Jo et al., 2022). Three-dimensional foot scanners were recommended to collect foot measurements because of their comparatively higher precision, accuracy, and robustness (Lee et al., 2014). Over the past few decades, researchers have conducted several studies on the analysis of foot shape using two-dimensional (2D) anthropometry, three-dimensional (3D) scanning, and modeling approaches. It has been proven that passive heel elevation leads to changes in foot shape and greatly increases plantar pressure in the forefoot region, causing musculoskeletal symptoms, such as osteoarthritis, hallux valgus, and pain (Buldt & Menz, 2018).įoot shape is a pivotal factor in human performance related to footwear, as it reveals deformations through foot dimensions. Surveys have reported that 37% to 69% of women wear shoes with stack height on a daily basis (Kannan et al., 2019). As one of the main female footwear characteristics, shoe elevation has become a ubiquitous element in the design of women’s footwear. To improve the visual leg-to-body ratio, a great number of women choose to wear shoes with heel elevation, despite studies indicating their negative effects on foot health (Au & Goonetilleke, 2007 McRitchie et al., 2018). The findings provide valuable references for enhancing shoe fitting and comfort for wedge-heeled shoes by providing dimensional data on the toe, ball, arch and instep regions. It was found that forefoot elevation could result in less deformation and discomfort which accompanied heel elevation, especially in the low heel-toe drop combinations (10 × 30 and 20 × 30 mm). Subjective measurements implied that increased forefoot height significantly enhanced perceived comfort, whereas increased heel height diminished comfort. That means shorter, narrower and more convex foot shapes were observed when heel height increased. Moreover, elevated heel height resulted in larger dimensions for girths (ball and instep), heights (instep and navicular), and smaller dimensions for lengths (foot, ball and out ball), widths (diagonal and horizontal) and toe 5 angles of the foot ( p < 0.01). ![]() Thus, when the forefoot height increased, the foot became longer, slimmer and flatter. Increased forefoot height generated larger lengths (foot, ball and out ball), smaller girths (ball and instep) and heights (instep and navicular) ( p < 0.05). Three-dimensional (3D) foot scanning was performed on 35 females and the 14 foot dimensions were measured. This study aimed to access the effects of forefoot height (10, 20, and 30 mm) and heel height (30, 50, 70, and 90 mm) on foot shape and perceived comfort when wearing wedge-heeled shoes. However, research on the foot shape in wedge-heeled shoes is lacking. Wedge-heeled shoes, which are formed by elevating both the forefoot and heel, have been popular among young women.
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